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'''JOURNAL OF'''<br>
<span style="color: navy; text-decoration: bold;">'''ARTS & SCIENCES'''</span><br>
''pro scientia atque sapientia''</blockquote>
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''2396, Vol 58(2)''

<font size=4>'''A theory of Galactic Growth from a Chemical Standpoint'''</font>

<font size=3>by Ensign [[Stennin]], Ph.D (Chemistry), [[USS Montreal]] (NCC-64927)</font>


== Prelude ==
For several centuries, there have been developed theories regarding the origin of the universe. It is now generally accepted that the so-called 'Big Bang Theory' is a sound solution to most problems regarding a 'starting point'. In this article, there will be given theorems and formulas regarding the chemical lay-out of the early universe and how it expanded.

== I. Singularity ==
To begin with exploring the origins of galactic expansion, we must first determine the nature of the very beginning of the universe. The so-called 'singularity complex' as put forth by notable scientists from around the Federation through time, is a somewhat satisfactory solution to the problems of the space-time continuum. As is known, the singularity was a single point in space, of infinite mass and infinite density. During more recent years, the discovery of the omega particle has made it possible to accurately measure the physics that were involved in the creation of the cosmos. However, there is a problem regarding the omega particle and its possible involvement with the forming of the cosmos.

The Hubble Formula, stipulated by the Terran Edwin Hubble, is a somewhat lacking yet simple method of depicting the expansion of the universe, in a linear motion:

<font size=4>''v = H*D''</font>

The Hubble Constant was measured at the last time in 2389, and was determined at 68.5±0,3 (km/s)/Mpc. This measurement was done using the inverse distance ladder, but also incorporated baryonic oscillation, Chroniton fluctuations, and subspace interference. With these parameters, the Constant is at one of it's most accurate measurements for decades. A new measurement, incorporating gravitational wave occillations and more than 50 Type Ia Supernovae from around the Alpha and Beta Quadrants.

== II. Omega theorem ==
During the first few minutes of the cosmos, the space expanded drastically in a period that several scientists have dubbed 'hyperinflation'. The hyperinflation theorem is a possible solution to the increasing expansion of the universe. This is where the omega particles come in. Omega was quite probably formed during the same time that hadrons were being formed. During the first minutes of the universe, the elementary particles will have been unable to form. Current theories depict that the immense energy required for the Big Bang were instead generated from Omega. Alongside with Chronitons, the Omega would have 'ruled' the early time of the cosmos. Only later, when the universe expanded, the omega particles lost most of its energy, and neutral protons and neutrons were formed.

This is a very basic theory regarding the 'hyperinflation' interaction with Omega. There is however a discrepancy with this theory, and that is regarding the nature of 'photons'. Studies have shown that Omega is capable of interacting with photons, as well as the elusive neutrinos, and therefore should give of a distinct signature on the electromagnetic spectrum. However, the 'Background Radiation' of the universe has been studied for many centuries, and there appear to be a constant absence of Omega signatures all around. This has led to most cosmologists disregarding the excistence of Omega particles during the 'hyperinflation' theory. Even though the 'Background Radiation' is a picture of the cosmos as it was 300,000 years into it's existence, formulas and experiments were devised for detecting the Omega that were projected to have been 'left behind' from that period. 

[[File:BackgroundRadiation.png|400px]]

-''The Cosmological Background Radiation shows apparent absence of Omega interaction''

== III. Schlezholt's Theory in Chemistry ==
The absence of Omega in the cosmos at large has prompted the emergence of newer theories regarding the origin of the universe. The most promising of these is [https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Schlezholt%27s_Theory_of_Multiple_Big_Bangs/ Schlezholt's Theory of Multiple Big Bangs]. It's ability to resolve the matter of 'hyperinflation' and the 'Omega absence' is made it become popular amongst cosmologists. The theory's incorporation of the Wang postulates, proposed in 2375, has made it possible to determine very accurately the origin of the universe. The theory is however lacking, in both mathematical and, more importantly, chemical regard. 

Most specifically, Schlezholt's Theory lacks in accurate observations regarding baryon variations throughout time. It is unable to create a complete model of elementary particles. Specifically, it lacks to account for the distribution of matter throughout the universe. When applying the Weak Anthropological Principle, the statement that the specifications of the universe must fit to generate humanoid life, the Schlezholt's Theory holds only barely. However, when tweaking it to incorporate the Omega theorem and a Postulate generated by the Tellarite scientist Ughash, calling for a probability that subsequent 'big bangs' were generated from Kugelblitz by artificial means, allows the theory to gain some flexibility and credibility. 

== IV. Ughash-Mortimer Kugelblitz's Postulate ==
First prompted by Ughash in 2392 following research on the [[Bajoran]] Wormhole, the Postulate calls for the possibility that Schlezholt's multiple theories were possibly created as an oversized Kugelblitz. Terran scientist Lucas Mortimer first devised experiments of devising this in 2395, from work during the Pathfinder project. (See [[Synthesizing the properties of Pulsars to create an Artificial Wormhole]] for more). Granted that the [[Prophets]] have generated an artificial Wormhole, which according to them took 10,000 years to complete. Given that the needed energy for such a wormhole can be calculated using the following formula:

[[File:Eqn5.png]]

It is logical to assume that the needed energy required for the creation of a 'big bang' would be equal to the energy required at the moment of the first one. Looking at the postulate in a chemical way, it would require the full composition of the cosmos to create such an event. This would amount to the mere mass of the universe, which can be measured using Friedmann's density parameter equation:

[[File:FriedmannDensity.jpg|100px]]

Using the latest projections from Starfleet Science research, the current mass of the universe, as given in 2394, was at 1.51*10^54 kg. This includes projections of dark matter, neutrinos, and dark energy. It is notable that the observable matter of the universe only inhabits about 5% of all matter. This means that for any species seeking to create a Kugelblitz 'Big Bang', they would have to have means of harvesting the vast amount of dark matter and -energy available. This also goes on for the 'observable universe'. If the hyperinflation theorem is to be uphold, the actual size and therefore mass of the universe would be infinite. However, since a Kugelblitz, different from a singularity, has a known mass and radius, it would be possible to conceive that there exists a 'critical density'. Combining that with the theories of relativity, such a Kugelblitz would create a Black Hole that would be capable of consuming the entire universe. This means that all known space will be consumed. 

However, in such an event, the beings that conceived the Kugelblitz, having knowledge of all energy and matter consumed in the event, would have full control of the specifications of its execution, allowing to change properties of an entire cosmos, through manipulation of the very fabric of space-time. These include the laws of nature, the framework of mathematics, and even the very composition of elementary particles. When applying the WAP in this fashion, the latest 'big bang' must have produced the specific cosmos that allowed for the emergence of humanoid life. Specifics, such as the laws of Gravity, the workings of Algebra, and even Quantum Physics, are attributed to the very way that the 'big bang' has played out. According to the Richter Scale of Cultures, combined with the Kardaschev Scale, a species capable of such a feat would be at least Omnipotent, and a Type IV society.

== V. Implications of a 'Generated Universe' ==
It is of course logical to resist against the premise of a Omnipotent species conceiving the universe as we know it. Since it would be impossible to determine such a premise, since the society would have collapsed when the 'big bang' was conceived, it might be possible to search for patterns. The most probable would be in the sequencing of chemical structures. As Dr. Galen discovered the ancient genetic code shared amongst all humanoids, there is a possibility of a chemical code that exhibits a same-wise message. Such research would consume as much time as Dr. Galen's, given current knowledge of chemistry and elementary physics. Another way of finding this message is in the continued research of the CBR, especially in parts where particles such as chronitons and tetryons are densest. Further research into Black Holes, especially those of the supermassive class in the centre of the galaxies, will aid in understanding the high-energy systems that must've been involved in the 'big bang'. Emphasis should be laid therein on the research of the 'Hawking Radiation' and Omega interaction with supermassive objects.

There is no implication that any species will develop Type IV capabilities soon. From the few encounters with the Q, notably by the USS Enterprise and Voyager, it is generally assumed that they are only at Type III, being able to harness the power of the Milky Way at their gesture. Moreover, it is unknown why the probability of a Kugelblitz-sized 'big bang' would entail the species capable of such a feat into choosing such a path. It would be logical to assume that such events would be pared with the dangers of extinction, galactic war, or other cosmos-wide disasters. 

[[File:BigBang.jpg|250px]]

-''Artist rendition of the Big Bang. The spectral lines are analogous to the waves of elementary particles, including the possible Omega particles.''

(Full Article on [[Starfleet Journal of Arts & Sciences| SJAS]])

[[Category:Science]]
[[Category:Starfleet Journal of Arts & Sciences]]