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''This article was supplied by Starwind RPG.''
 
A star is a body massive enough to trigger nuclear reactions at its core.  
A star is a body massive enough to trigger nuclear reactions at its core.  


=Types of Stars=
==Luminosity==
There are six categories that stars are divided into according to luminosity:
*1a - most luminous supergiants
*1b - less luminous supergiants
*II - luminous giants
*III - normal giants
*IV - subgiants
*V - main sequence and dwarf stars


===Lazarus star:=== is a super nova remnant which, instead of being forced inward into neutron-star mode, survives as a normal star. After expansion into red giant phase, Lazarus stars collapse and undergo supernova for a second time.
==Spectral Class==
There are seven major spectral classes of stars, forming a continuous band of types from O through M:


===Neutron Star:=== is usually type B
O B A F G K M


===Population I:=== stars are old stars well down the main sequence (class F, G, K, and M stars) and short on heavier elements. Planetary systems accompanying Population I stars primarily consist of gas giants without accompanying satellites.
These are divided into ten numbered subclasses. For example, a star of spectral class "A" could be any one of the following:


===Population 2:=== stars are younger stars showing traces of heavier elements, hydrogen, and helium. Planetary systems accompanying Population 2 stars include gas giants, stony worlds, satellite companions and planetoid and comet shells.
A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9


===Red Giant Star:=== The red giant phase is common in the evolution of many less massive stars. When core hydrogen is
Stars at the '0' end of this band are hotter (around 50,000 degrees K); bluer in colour and more massive; those at the other end are cooler (around 2,000 degrees K), redder in colour and less massive. A conventional code for star colour is:


===Runaway Star:=== is a star with a velocity significantly different from its neighboring stars.
* O - Violet = White
* B - Blue = White
* A - White
* F - Yellow = White
* G - Yellow
* K - Orange
* M - Red


===Supernova:=== when a massive young star exhausts its core hydrogen it undergoes second-stage gravitational collapse. The resulting core temperature increase leads to runaway nuclear burning of helium, carbon, nitrogen and an explosion that blasts the are the major source of metals and other galactic elements.  
While a 'Giant' star may have a radius of up to 1,000 times that of Sol and be up to 100,000 times as luminous, most of the stars are in the 'main sequence' portion of their lifetimes and have values near the typical main sequence ones for their type. Sol, Earth's sun, is a type G. Its spectrum, as filtered by Earth's atmosphere, is the basis for standard illumination in Human quarters.  


===T Tauri Star:=== is one manifestation of a star in formation undergoing initial nuclear burning.  
===Type O : (Violet-White)===
Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)
* '''Temperature''': 28,000 - 50,000ºK
* '''Mass''': 10 - 30 Solar Masses
* '''Radius''': 2.5 - 3.0 Solar Radii
* '''Luminosity''': 1,000 - 100,000 SOL
* '''Composition''': Ionized atoms, esp. Helium
* '''Example''': Mintaka (O1-3 III)


==Dwarf Stars==
=== Type B: (Blue-White)===
Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)
* '''Temperature''': 10,000 - 28,000ºK
* '''Mass''': 3-5 Solar Masses
* '''Radius''': 2.0 - 3.5 Solar Radii
* '''Luminosity''': 10 - 1,000 SOL
* '''Composition''': Natural Helium, some Hydrogen
* '''Example''': Alpha Eridani A (B3 V-IV)


'Dwarf' is a category comprising various small and dim energy-radiating or formerly energy-radiating objects.  
===Type A: (White)===
Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)
* '''Temperature''': 7,500 - 10,000ºK
* '''Mass''': 2 - 3 Solar Masses
* '''Radius''': 1.5 - 2.0 Solar Radii
* '''Luminosity''': 5 - 10 SOL
* '''Composition''': Strong Hydrogen, some ionized metals
* '''Example''': Sirius A (A0-1 V)
===Type F: (Yellow - White)===
Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)
* '''Temperature''': 6,000 - 7,500ºK
* '''Mass''': 1 - 2 Solar Masses
* '''Radius''': 1.0 - 1.5 Solar Radii
* '''Luminosity''': 1 - 5 SOL
* '''Composition''': Hydrogen and ionized metals, calcium and iron
* '''Example''': Procyon A (F5 V-IV)


===Black Dwarf:=== is an object of stellar mass that has undergone gravitational collapse, reaching minimum potential energy and maximum entropy. Black dwarfs are sub-planetary size and do not radiate.
===Type G: (Yellow)===
Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)
* '''Temperature''': 5,000 - 6,000ºK
* '''Mass''': 0.8 - 1 Solar Masses
* '''Radius''': 0.8 - 1.0 Solar Radii
* '''Luminosity''': 0.1 - 1 SOL
* '''Composition''': Ionized calcium, both neutral and ionized metals
* '''Example''': Sol (G2 V)


===Brown Dwarf:=== is a gaseous body producing much more energy through self-gravitation than it receives from the ambient medium, but which is not massive enough to initiate internal fusion reaction and, therefore, not truly a star. Brown dwarfs hot enough to produce visible light (substellar objects) are listed as Class S planets. They are both also known as supergiant gas planets. Some giant gas planets (Class A) may produce slightly more energy than they receive, but they are not generally considered to be brown dwarfs.
===Type K: (Orange)===
Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)
* '''Temperature''': 3,500 - 5,000ºK
* '''Mass''': 0.5 - 0.8 Solar Masses
* '''Radius''': 0.5 - 0.8 Solar Radii
* '''Luminosity''': 0.01 - 0.1 SOL
* '''Composition''': Neutral metals
* '''Example''': Alpha Centauri B (K0-3 V)


===Red Dwarf:=== is a main sequence star of type M. The vast majority of stars in the galaxy are red dwarfs: small, dim and long lived.
===Type M: (Red)===
White Dwarfs: primarily degenerate matter, this main sequence star, usually of type G-late A, has completed nuclear burning processes and has collapsed into a configuration roughly the size of a small planet. White dwarfs radiate at various levels of intensity through self-gravitational collapse. . The spectral class of white dwarf stars is usually prefixed with a 'D'.  
Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)
* '''Temperature''': 2,500 - 3,500ºK
* '''Mass''': 0.02 - 0.5 Solar Masses
* '''Radius''': 0.01 - 0.5 Solar Radii
* '''Luminosity''': 0.00001 - 0.01 SOL
* '''Composition''': Ionized atoms, especially helium
* '''Example''': Wolf 359 (M5-8 V)


==Spectral Types==
=Types of Stars=
===Lazarus star===
A super nova remnant which, instead of being forced inward into neutron-star mode, survives as a normal star. After expansion into red giant phase, Lazarus stars collapse and undergo supernova for a second time.


There are seven major spectral types of stars, forming a continuous band of types from 0 through M:
===Neutron Star===
Usually type B-0 and measures only a few kilometres in diametre. An early main sequence star that has completed the nuclear burning processes often explodes. The reactive force of the explosion and the star's self-gravitation eject shell electrons (as in a white dwarf) and nuclear positrons. This leaves a neutroneum core, possibly covered by a thin degenerate matter shell.


0 B A F G K M  
===Population I===
Stars are old stars well down the main sequence (class F, G, K, and M stars) and short on heavier elements. Planetary systems accompanying Population I stars primarily consist of gas giants without accompanying satellites.


These are divided into ten numbered subtypes. For example:
===Population 2===
Stars are younger stars showing traces of heavier elements, hydrogen, and helium. Planetary systems accompanying Population 2 stars include gas giants, stony worlds, satellite companions and planetoid and comet shells.  


A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A0
===Red Giant Star===
The red giant phase is common in the evolution of many less massive stars. When core hydrogen is exhausted, gravitational collapse ignites hydrogen shell burning outside the core. The star's envelope expands far beyond the photosphere limit. The star's atmosphere is relatively cool.


Stars at the '0' end of this band are hotter (around 50,000 degrees K); bluer in colour and more massive; those at the other end are cooler (around 2,000 degrees K), redder in colour and less massive. A conventional code for star colour is:
===Runaway Star===
A star with a velocity significantly different from its neighboring stars.


= White
===Supernova===
= White
When a massive young star exhausts its core hydrogen it undergoes second-stage gravitational collapse. The resulting core temperature increase leads to runaway nuclear burning of helium, carbon, nitrogen and an explosion that blasts the star's outer layer into space. Supernova explosions are the major source of metals and other galactic elements.
*A - White


While a 'Giant' star in Human quarters.  
===T Tauri Star===
One manifestation of a star in formation undergoing initial nuclear burning.  


Type 0 : (Violet-White)
==Dwarf Stars==
Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)
'Dwarf' is a category comprising various small and dim energy-radiating or formerly energy-radiating objects.  
Temperature: 30,000 - 50,000k
Mass: 10 - 30 Solar Masses
Radius: 2.5 - 3.0 Solar Radii
 
Type B: (Blue-White)
Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)
Mass: 3-5 Solar Masses
.5 Solar Radii


Type A: (White)
===Black Dwarf===
Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)
An object of stellar mass that has undergone gravitational collapse, reaching minimum potential energy and maximum entropy. Black dwarfs are sub-planetary size and do not radiate.  
Temperature: 7,
Radius: 1..0 Solar Radii


Type F: ()
===Brown Dwarf===
Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)
A gaseous body producing much more energy through self-gravitation than it receives from the ambient medium, but which is not massive enough to initiate internal fusion reaction and, therefore, not truly a star. Brown dwarfs hot enough to produce visible light (substellar objects) are listed as Class S planets. They are both also known as supergiant gas planets. Some giant gas planets (Class A) may produce slightly more energy than they receive, but they are not generally considered to be brown dwarfs.  
,500k
Radius: 1.


Type G: (Yellow)
===Red Dwarf===
Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)
Main sequence star of type M. The vast majority of stars in the galaxy are red dwarfs: small, dim and long lived.  
Temperature: 4,
Luminosity: 0.


Type K: (Orange)
===White Dwarfs===
Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)
Primarily degenerate matter, this main sequence star, usually of type G-late A, has completed nuclear burning processes and has collapsed into a configuration roughly the size of a small planet. White dwarfs radiate at various levels of intensity through self-gravitational collapse. Nuclear burning occurs only on the surface through accretion of unburned matter from other sources; in such cases, nuclear ignition can regularily occure and is the source of the "recurrent nova" effect. The spectral class of white dwarf stars is usually prefixed with a 'D'.  
Temperature: 3,,500k
Mass: 0..8 Solar Masses
Luminosity: 0..1 SOL


Type M: (Red)
Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)
Temperature: 2,000 â??? 3,500k
Mass: 0.02 â??? 0.5 Solar Masses
Radius: 0.01 â??? 0.5 Solar Radii
Luminosity: 0.00001 â??? 0.01 SOL


''This article was supplied by Starwind RPG, with modifications by Geoffrey Mandel's "Star Trek Star Charts" atlas.''


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Latest revision as of 23:00, 14 November 2015

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A star is a body massive enough to trigger nuclear reactions at its core.

Luminosity

There are six categories that stars are divided into according to luminosity:

  • 1a - most luminous supergiants
  • 1b - less luminous supergiants
  • II - luminous giants
  • III - normal giants
  • IV - subgiants
  • V - main sequence and dwarf stars

Spectral Class

There are seven major spectral classes of stars, forming a continuous band of types from O through M:

O B A F G K M

These are divided into ten numbered subclasses. For example, a star of spectral class "A" could be any one of the following:

A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9

Stars at the '0' end of this band are hotter (around 50,000 degrees K); bluer in colour and more massive; those at the other end are cooler (around 2,000 degrees K), redder in colour and less massive. A conventional code for star colour is:

  • O - Violet = White
  • B - Blue = White
  • A - White
  • F - Yellow = White
  • G - Yellow
  • K - Orange
  • M - Red

While a 'Giant' star may have a radius of up to 1,000 times that of Sol and be up to 100,000 times as luminous, most of the stars are in the 'main sequence' portion of their lifetimes and have values near the typical main sequence ones for their type. Sol, Earth's sun, is a type G. Its spectrum, as filtered by Earth's atmosphere, is the basis for standard illumination in Human quarters.

Type O : (Violet-White)

Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)

  • Temperature: 28,000 - 50,000ºK
  • Mass: 10 - 30 Solar Masses
  • Radius: 2.5 - 3.0 Solar Radii
  • Luminosity: 1,000 - 100,000 SOL
  • Composition: Ionized atoms, esp. Helium
  • Example: Mintaka (O1-3 III)

Type B: (Blue-White)

Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)

  • Temperature: 10,000 - 28,000ºK
  • Mass: 3-5 Solar Masses
  • Radius: 2.0 - 3.5 Solar Radii
  • Luminosity: 10 - 1,000 SOL
  • Composition: Natural Helium, some Hydrogen
  • Example: Alpha Eridani A (B3 V-IV)

Type A: (White)

Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)

  • Temperature: 7,500 - 10,000ºK
  • Mass: 2 - 3 Solar Masses
  • Radius: 1.5 - 2.0 Solar Radii
  • Luminosity: 5 - 10 SOL
  • Composition: Strong Hydrogen, some ionized metals
  • Example: Sirius A (A0-1 V)

Type F: (Yellow - White)

Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)

  • Temperature: 6,000 - 7,500ºK
  • Mass: 1 - 2 Solar Masses
  • Radius: 1.0 - 1.5 Solar Radii
  • Luminosity: 1 - 5 SOL
  • Composition: Hydrogen and ionized metals, calcium and iron
  • Example: Procyon A (F5 V-IV)

Type G: (Yellow)

Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)

  • Temperature: 5,000 - 6,000ºK
  • Mass: 0.8 - 1 Solar Masses
  • Radius: 0.8 - 1.0 Solar Radii
  • Luminosity: 0.1 - 1 SOL
  • Composition: Ionized calcium, both neutral and ionized metals
  • Example: Sol (G2 V)

Type K: (Orange)

Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)

  • Temperature: 3,500 - 5,000ºK
  • Mass: 0.5 - 0.8 Solar Masses
  • Radius: 0.5 - 0.8 Solar Radii
  • Luminosity: 0.01 - 0.1 SOL
  • Composition: Neutral metals
  • Example: Alpha Centauri B (K0-3 V)

Type M: (Red)

Main Sequence Value Ranges: (Approximate)

  • Temperature: 2,500 - 3,500ºK
  • Mass: 0.02 - 0.5 Solar Masses
  • Radius: 0.01 - 0.5 Solar Radii
  • Luminosity: 0.00001 - 0.01 SOL
  • Composition: Ionized atoms, especially helium
  • Example: Wolf 359 (M5-8 V)

Types of Stars

Lazarus star

A super nova remnant which, instead of being forced inward into neutron-star mode, survives as a normal star. After expansion into red giant phase, Lazarus stars collapse and undergo supernova for a second time.

Neutron Star

Usually type B-0 and measures only a few kilometres in diametre. An early main sequence star that has completed the nuclear burning processes often explodes. The reactive force of the explosion and the star's self-gravitation eject shell electrons (as in a white dwarf) and nuclear positrons. This leaves a neutroneum core, possibly covered by a thin degenerate matter shell.

Population I

Stars are old stars well down the main sequence (class F, G, K, and M stars) and short on heavier elements. Planetary systems accompanying Population I stars primarily consist of gas giants without accompanying satellites.

Population 2

Stars are younger stars showing traces of heavier elements, hydrogen, and helium. Planetary systems accompanying Population 2 stars include gas giants, stony worlds, satellite companions and planetoid and comet shells.

Red Giant Star

The red giant phase is common in the evolution of many less massive stars. When core hydrogen is exhausted, gravitational collapse ignites hydrogen shell burning outside the core. The star's envelope expands far beyond the photosphere limit. The star's atmosphere is relatively cool.

Runaway Star

A star with a velocity significantly different from its neighboring stars.

Supernova

When a massive young star exhausts its core hydrogen it undergoes second-stage gravitational collapse. The resulting core temperature increase leads to runaway nuclear burning of helium, carbon, nitrogen and an explosion that blasts the star's outer layer into space. Supernova explosions are the major source of metals and other galactic elements.

T Tauri Star

One manifestation of a star in formation undergoing initial nuclear burning.

Dwarf Stars

'Dwarf' is a category comprising various small and dim energy-radiating or formerly energy-radiating objects.

Black Dwarf

An object of stellar mass that has undergone gravitational collapse, reaching minimum potential energy and maximum entropy. Black dwarfs are sub-planetary size and do not radiate.

Brown Dwarf

A gaseous body producing much more energy through self-gravitation than it receives from the ambient medium, but which is not massive enough to initiate internal fusion reaction and, therefore, not truly a star. Brown dwarfs hot enough to produce visible light (substellar objects) are listed as Class S planets. They are both also known as supergiant gas planets. Some giant gas planets (Class A) may produce slightly more energy than they receive, but they are not generally considered to be brown dwarfs.

Red Dwarf

Main sequence star of type M. The vast majority of stars in the galaxy are red dwarfs: small, dim and long lived.

White Dwarfs

Primarily degenerate matter, this main sequence star, usually of type G-late A, has completed nuclear burning processes and has collapsed into a configuration roughly the size of a small planet. White dwarfs radiate at various levels of intensity through self-gravitational collapse. Nuclear burning occurs only on the surface through accretion of unburned matter from other sources; in such cases, nuclear ignition can regularily occure and is the source of the "recurrent nova" effect. The spectral class of white dwarf stars is usually prefixed with a 'D'.


This article was supplied by Starwind RPG, with modifications by Geoffrey Mandel's "Star Trek Star Charts" atlas.